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Lycopeen

Wat is lycopeen?

Lycopeen is een onverzadigde koolwaterstofcarotenoïde die qua structuur vergelijkbaar is met bètacaroteen, maar zonder provitamine A-activiteit (7896). Het is een in vet oplosbaar rood pigment dat wordt gesynthetiseerd door planten en micro-organismen en wordt aangetroffen in voedingsmiddelen zoals tomaten, guave, roze grapefruit, rode sinaasappels, abrikozen, rozenbottels en watermeloen (7896,60484,60523,92173).

Belangrijkste kenmerken:

  • Vaak gebruikt voor hypertensie, hyperlipidemie en vele andere aandoeningen, maar er is geen sterk bewijs om enig gebruik te ondersteunen.
  • Waarschijnlijk veilig bij orale inname in doses van 15-45 mg per dag gedurende maximaal 6 maanden. Bijwerkingen zijn zeldzaam, maar kunnen milde gastro-intestinale problemen omvatten.
  • Geen bekende belangrijke geneesmiddelinteracties.

In de VS is meer dan 80 procent van het lycopeen in de voeding afkomstig van tomaten en verwerkte tomatenproducten, waaronder sauzen, sap, ketchup, pasta en soepen (92173). Een portie verse tomaten van 130 gram bevat tussen de 4 mg en 10 mg lycopeen, afhankelijk van de variëteit, groeiomstandigheden en rijpheid (92175). Spaghettisaus bevat ongeveer 22 mg lycopeen per portie van 125 gram, ketchup bevat 3,3 mg per eetlepel en tomatensap bevat ongeveer 20 mg per portie van 240 ml (92175).

Lycopeen werd voor het eerst geïsoleerd uit zwarte bryony bessen door Hartsen in 1873 en uit tomaten door Millardet uit Frankrijk in 1875. Het kreeg de naam lycopeen door Schunck in een presentatie aan de Royal Society of London in 1903 (92175).

Wat is lycopeen?

Gebruik

Oraal
Oraal wordt lycopeen gebruikt voor het voorkomen van atherosclerose, hart- en vaatziekten (HVZ),  cataracten, amyotrofische laterale sclerose (ALS, de ziekte van Lou Gehrig), leeftijdsgebonden maculaire degeneratie (AMD), de ziekte van Parkinson en zonnebrand. Lycopeen wordt ook gebruikt voor de behandeling van goedaardige prostaathyperplasie (BPH), chronische prostatitis en chronisch bekkenpijnsyndroom (CP / CPPS), mannelijke onvruchtbaarheid, infectie met het humaan papillomavirus (HPV), Helicobacter pylori, astma, hypertensie, hyperlipidemie, congestief hartfalen (CHF), gingivitis, orale submukeuze fibrose, polymorfe lichteruptie, pre-eclampsie en menopauzeklachten.

Gebruik

Werking

Lycopeen is een carotenoïde, maar het is geen voorloper van vitamine A. Het wordt gesynthetiseerd door planten en micro-organismen en wordt aangetroffen in voedingsmiddelen zoals tomaten, guave, roze grapefruit, rode sinaasappels, abrikozen, rozenbottels en watermeloen (7896,60484 60523,92173). Concentraties van lycopeen zijn vaak hoger in bewerkte versies van deze voedingsmiddelen vanwege waterverlies. Verse tomaten bevatten bijvoorbeeld 0,88 mg tot 7,74 mg per 100 gram, terwijl ketchup 9,9 mg tot 13,44 mg per 100 gram bevat (92165). De dagelijkse inname van lycopeen via de voeding varieert van ongeveer 1 mg / dag tot 10,5 mg / dag (92165). Lycopeen uit planten bevindt zich voornamelijk in de all-trans-configuratie die slecht wordt geabsorbeerd, maar door de hoge mate van onverzadiging kan cis-trans-isomerisatie plaatsvinden als reactie op licht, thermische energie en chemische reacties (1928,92173). In menselijk plasma is lycopeen aanwezig als een isomeer mengsel, met 50 procent als cis-isomeren (92173,92175). Lycopeen vormt ongeveer de helft van de carotenoïden in menselijk serum, en concentreert zich in de lipoproteïnefracties met lage en zeer lage dichtheid. Het concentreert zich ook in de bijnier, teelballen, prostaat, longen en huid (60488,60536,92173).

Ontstekingsremmende effecten
Vroeg klinisch onderzoek toont aan dat het dagelijks innemen van lycopeen in de vorm van V8 natriumarm 100 procent groentesap (Campbell Soup Co.) gedurende 30 dagen de C-reactieve proteïne (CRP) -spiegels verlaagt met 1,4 mg / dL bij vrouwen , maar niet bij mannen, met congestief hartfalen. De klinische betekenis van deze bevinding is onduidelijk (92170).

Antiplatelet effecten
Lycopeen en een tomatenextract dat lycopeen bevat, remmen de activering van bloedplaatjes, inclusief de activering die wordt geïnduceerd door adenosinedifosfaat (ADP) en collageen, in vitro (60360,60375,92177). Mogelijke mechanismen zijn onder meer remming van de vorming van tromboxaan B2 en activering van de vorming van cyclisch GMP en nitraat in bloedplaatjes (60360).

Dermatologische effecten
Er is interesse in het gebruik van lycopeen om acne te voorkomen. Klinisch onderzoek bij gezonde patiënten suggereert dat het consumeren van ijs dat lycopeen bevat, het risico op het ontwikkelen van acne zou kunnen verminderen door het vervellen van de huid en de aanwezigheid van grampositieve bacteriën op de huid in vergelijking met de uitgangswaarde (102179). Deze studie werd beperkt door een gebrek aan vergelijking met placebo.

Lipidenverlagende effecten
De cholesterolverlagende effecten van lycopeen kunnen te wijten zijn aan remming van macrofaag hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzym A (HMG-CoA) reductase (60543,92173) en versterking van LDL-afbraak en verwijdering uit de circulatie (7896,60543).

Preventie bij zonnebrand
Lycopeen kan door UV-licht veroorzaakte huidbeschadiging helpen voorkomen door reactieve zuurstofsoorten op te vangen en UVA- en UVB-golflengten te absorberen (60487). Het lycopeenmolecuul verandert door deze processen, wat resulteert in verlaagde lycopeengehaltes in de huid (60510).

Werking

Veiligheid

Waarschijnlijk veilig

Indien oraal en op de juiste manier gebruikt in hoeveelheden die gewoonlijk in voedingsmiddelen worden aangetroffen (2406,7772,7773). Lycopeen-supplementen zijn veilig gebruikt in doses van 15 mg tot 45 mg per dag gedurende 4 tot 6 maanden (60389,60399,60482,102180,102182). Er zijn beperkte aanwijzingen dat 120 mg per dag veilig is gedurende maximaal een jaar (60372).

Zwangerschap

Gegevens zijn tegenstrijdig. In één onderzoek werd het innemen van een specifiek oraal lycopeensupplement (LycoRed, Jagsonpal Pharmaceuticals, India) 2 mg oraal per dag, beginnend tussen week 12 en 20 van de zwangerschap en doorlopend tot de bevalling, geassocieerd met een toename van het aantal vroeggeboorte en een laag geboortegewicht (60428). In een andere studie bleek het echter veilig te zijn om 2 mg van hetzelfde product tweemaal daags oraal in te nemen, beginnend tussen week 16 en 20 van de zwangerschap en door te gaan tot de bevalling (60337).

Lactatie

Wanneer geconsumeerd in hoeveelheden die gewoonlijk in voedingsmiddelen worden aangetroffen. Er is onvoldoende betrouwbare informatie beschikbaar over de veiligheid van lycopeen-supplementen die worden gebruikt tijdens borstvoeding; vermijd het gebruik in grotere hoeveelheden dan normaal in voedingsmiddelen.

Veiligheid

Interacties

Medicijnen

Anticoagulenten/plaatjesaggregatieremming
Lycopeen heeft in vitro antibloedplaatjeseffecten (60360,60375,92177). Theoretisch kan het gebruik van lycopeen-supplementen met anticoagulantia of plaatjesaggregatieremmers het risico op blauwe plekken en bloedingen vergroten.

Sommige van deze medicijnen bevatten aspirine; clopidogrel (Plavix); niet-steroïde anti-inflammatoire geneesmiddelen (NSAID’s) zoals diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, anderen), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, anderen) en naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, anderen); dalteparine (Fragmin); enoxaparine (Lovenox); heparine; warfarine (Coumadin); en anderen.

Kruiden en supplementen

Anticoagulenten/plaatjesaggregatieremming
Lycopeen heeft in vitro plaatjesremmende effecten (60360,60375,92177). Theoretisch kan het gelijktijdige gebruik van lycopeen-supplementen met kruiden die anticoagulerende of plaatjesremmende werking hebben, het risico op bloedingen bij sommige mensen verhogen. Deze kruiden omvatten engelwortel, kruidnagel, danshen, moederkruid, knoflook, gember, ginkgo, ginseng Panax, paardenkastanje, rode klaver, kurkuma en andere.

Beta-carotenen
Er zijn aanwijzingen dat het dagelijks innemen van bètacaroteensupplementen van 20-60 mg de opname van lycopeen uit supplementen en uit de voeding verhoogt (2403,23015). Andere onderzoeken hebben echter gemeld dat bètacaroteensupplementen geen effect hebben op de serumspiegels van lycopeen (23017,23018) of dat ze de serumconcentraties van lycopeen verlagen (23016). Deze verschillen kunnen te wijten zijn aan andere factoren die de absorptie beïnvloeden, zoals of de supplementen tijdens of tussen de maaltijden werden ingenomen en hoeveel vet er aanwezig was, wat de opname verhoogt (94226).

Calcium
Calciumsupplementen kunnen de opname van lycopeen in de voeding verminderen. Een kleine klinische studie toont aan dat het nemen van een specifiek calciumcarbonaatsupplement (Cacit 500, Warner Chilcott) 500 mg tijdens het eten van een maaltijd die 19 mg lycopeen bevat, de biologische beschikbaarheid van lycopeen met 83 procent verlaagt in vergelijking met het eten van alleen de maaltijd met lycopeen 19 mg. Het mechanisme van dit effect is niet bekend; Het vermoeden bestaat echter dat calcium de opname van lycopeen in het maagdarmkanaal remt (95578).

Luteïne
Er zijn aanwijzingen dat het nemen van een enkele orale dosis van 24 mg luteïne de absorptie van lycopeen uit supplementen en uit de voeding vermindert, mogelijk als gevolg van concurrentie voor transport in chylomicronen. Het dagelijks innemen van 12 mg luteïne gedurende 3 weken heeft echter geen invloed op de plasmaspiegels van lycopeen (92165,94227).

Voeding

Olestra (vetvervanger)
Olestra kan de opname van lycopeen verstoren. Olestra verlaagt de serum-lycopeenspiegels bij gezonde mensen met ongeveer 30 procent (23019). Als u zowel olestra als lycopeen gebruikt, moet u ze enkele uren scheiden

Ziektes

Chirurgie
Lycopeen heeft in vitro antiplaatjeseffecten (60360,60375,92177). Lycopeen-supplementen kunnen overmatig bloeden veroorzaken als ze pre-operatief worden gebruikt. Vertel de patiënten om de lycopeen-supplementen ten minste 2 weken vóór electieve chirurgische ingrepen te staken.

Interacties

Dosering

In voeding is lycopeen voornamelijk te vinden in tomatenproducten. Een portie van 130 gram verse tomaten bevat 4-10 mg lycopeen. Spaghetti saus bevat ongeveer 22 mg lycopeen per portie van 125 gram. Ketchup bevat 3,3 mg lycopeen per eetlepel en in tomatensap zit ongeveer 20 mg per portie van 240 ml.

Lycopeen supplementen worden gebruikt in doseringen van 15-45 mg per dag tot 6 maanden.

Dosering
Referenties
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  • 60522 Steinmetz, K. A., Potter, J. D., and Folsom, A. R. Vegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Res 2-1-1993;53(3):536-543.
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