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GABA

Wat is GABA?

GABA, ofwel Gamma-aminoboterzuur is een belangrijke neurotransmitter met een inhiberende (remmende) functie in het centraal zenuwstelsel. Neurotransmitters maken het mogelijk om communicatie tussen de verschillende neuronen tot stand te brengen via de boodschapperstoffen. GABA is tevens een niet essentieel aminozuur. Er zijn stimulerende (exiterende) en remmende (inhiberende) neurotransmitters en deze twee houden elkaar in balans. Wanneer er een overactiviteit in de neuronen ontstaat zal GABA die een inhiberende activiteit heeft deze overactiviteit remmen. Hierdoor werkt GABA als een natuurlijke rustgever, remt het de zenuwimpulsen en heeft GABA een stress regulerende activiteit.

Bepaalde factoren zoals stress, verkeerde voeding of voedingstekorten of gebruik van medicijnen, alcohol en drugs beïnvloeden de hoeveelheid neurotransmitters. GABA zit o.a. in de natuurlijke voedselbronnen zoals (blad) groenten, soja- en tuinbonen, noten, zaden, tomaten en eieren.

Wat is GABA?

Werking

GABA wordt veelal gebruikt voor het verminderen van angst, het verbeteren van de gemoedstoestand, verminderen van het Pre Menstrueel Syndroom (PMS) en bij het behandelen van ADHD. GABA wordt ook ingezet bij andere neuropsychiatrische aandoeningen zoals stress, epilepsie en slaapstoornissen. Het wordt ook gebruikt voor spieropbouw, vetverbranding, het stabiliseren van de bloeddruk en verminderen van pijn.

Het innemen van GABA via het mondslijmvlies heeft een directe werking op het verhogen van het welbehagen, vermindering bi pijn bij verwonding, verhogen van conditie bij inspanning, verlagen van lichaamsvet en het verminderen van lichaamsgewicht.

Eigenschappen

GABA is de belangrijkste remmende neurotransmitter in het Centrale Zenuwstelsel. Het wordt gesynthetiseerd in de hersenen door de decarboxylatie van glutamaat (1, 2). Bij gezonde mensen veroorzaakte een dosis van 5 tot 10 gram GABA een verhoging van C-peptide, insuline en glucagon, terwijl het glucose gehalte in het bloed hetzelfde bleef (3). GABA wordt onder invloed van het enzym glutamaatdecarboxylase (GAD), met als co-factor pyridoxaal-5-fosfaat (actieve vitamine B6), gesynthetiseerd uit glutaminezuur. Het komt in relatief hoge concentraties voor in het CZS verspreid over een groot deel van de hersenen. GABA heeft anticonvulsieve, sedatieve en angstverminderde effecten op cellulair niveau (1, 2). Via de receptoren GABAa en de GABAb worden de meeste effecten gegenereerd. GABA remt als inhiberend neurotransmitter de excitatoire activiteit van de neurotransmitter glutamaat. Hierdoor kunnen neurologische en psychiatrische aandoeningen worden voorkomen. Bij een onderzoek bij gezonde vrijwilligers werd bij een dosis van 5 gram GABA een verhoging gezien van het HGH hormoon, terwijl langdurig gebruik van 18 gram GABA per dag een verlaging liet zien (4).

Hersen-bloedbarrière

GABA kan de hersen-bloedbarrière moeilijk passeren maar toch wordt GABA erg vaak ingezet met positieve resultaten. Met name bij stress gerelateerde klachten waaronder ook slaap- en angststoornissen. Een verklaring daarvoor zou kunnen zijn dat wanneer er voldoende GABA perifeer aanwezig is, dit de werking en effectiviteit van GABA positief beïnvloed in het CZS. Een andere mogelijkheid is dat GABA wél voor een deel de hersen-bloedbarrière kan passeren. Inname via het mondslijmvlies, zgn. Sublinguaal heeft de voorkeur.

Werking

Veiligheid

GABA kan veilig genomen worden mits de dosering goed is en niet al te langdurig gebruikt wordt. Vele studies duurde 12 weken en toonden de veiligheid aan (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). Er zijn onvoldoende onderzoeken bij zwangeren en vrouwen die borstvoeding geven om de veiligheid vast te stellen: vermijd het gebruik.

Contra-indicaties

Bij aandoeningen van het maagdarmstelsel kan een GABA tekort ontstaan. Eerst het herstel van deze darmaandoening wordt aangeraden alvorens GABA te gebruiken. Wanneer men overgevoelig is voor GABA wordt dit ook ontraden. Bij het gebruik van alle middelen die ingrijpen op de GABA agonisten zoals benzodiazepinen, barbituraten, antidepressiva, alcohol en met GABA verrijkte voeding is het aan te raden om voorzichtig te zijn met GABA en niet gelijktijdig te gebruiken. Voorzichtigheid is tevens geboden bij middelen die het risico op bloedingen kunnen verhogen, zoals anticoagulantia en Ginkgo biloba. Voor alle eventuele andere interacties kunt u contact opnemen met een deskundige zoals apothekers of orthomoleculaire arts/therapeut.

Veiligheid

Bijwerkingen

Van GABA zijn geen noemenswaardige bijwerkingen bekend. In een enkel geval kunnen kortdurend tintelingen ontstaan. Van bijwerkingen na langdurig gebruik in hoge doseringen is geen wetenschappelijke informatie bekend. De toepassing van hoge concentraties (5 -10 gram), zoals eventueel in de krachtsport, kan van invloed zijn op de endogene pancreasfunctie.

Bijwerkingen

Interacties

Kruiden

GABA kan de bloeddruk verlagen bij mensen met een verhoogde bloeddruk. Hierdoor kan theoretisch een interactie ontstaan met kruiden die de bloeddruk verlagen met een gevaar op een te lage bloeddruk (10). Enige voorzichtigheid met cacao, alfa-linoleenzuur, psyllium en levertraanolie.

Medicijnen

GABA kan de bloeddruk verlagen en kan het risico op een onderdruk verhogen als het samen wordt ingenomen met medicijnen die de bloeddruk verlagen zoals captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix) (10).

Interacties

Dosering

De aanbevolen dagelijkse dosering voor volwassenen is:

  • Voor algemeen gebruik: maximaal 500 mg (sublinguaal)
  • Bij stress- en angststoornissen: maximaal 750 mg verdeeld over 3 x daags onder de tong laten smelten
  • Bij slaapstoornissen: 100 – 1000 mg voor het slapen.
  • Bij groeihormoonstimulatie: 500 mg (sublinguaal), of 3 gram (in kauwtabletten) vlak voor de training.
Dosering
Referenties
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  3. Cavagnini F, Pinto M, Dubini A, et al. Effects of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and muscimol on endocrine pancreatic function in man. Metabolism 1982;31:73-7.
  4. Cavagnini F, Invitti C, Pinto M, et al. Effect of acute and repeated administration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1980;93:149-54.
  5. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Monograph. Altern.Med.Rev. 2007;12:274-79.
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  10. Inoue K, Shirai T, Ochiai H, et al. Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a novel fermented milk containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in mild hypertensives. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;57:490-95.
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  16. Lupandin VM, Lando LI, Gromova EA, et al. [Role of biogenic amines in the pathogenesis of intellectual disorders in children with minimal psychoorganic syndromes]. Zh.Nevropatol.Psikhiatr.Im S.S.Korsakova 1978;78:1538-44.
  17. Shoulson I, Kartzinel R, and Chase TN. Huntington’s disease: treatment with dipropylacetic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Neurology 1976;26:61-3.
  18. Ivanova, RI and Senenkova, SI. [Experience with the use of aminalon in the complex treatment of children with meningococcal infections]. Zh.Nevropatol.Psikhiatr.Im S.S.Korsakova 1981;81(10):1502-1504.
  19. Hashimoto M, Yokota A, Matsuoka S, et al. [Choreo-ballistic status treated by GABA]. No To Hattatsu 1989;21:481-85

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