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Zink

In het kort
  • Zink is een biologisch en essentieel sporenelement en is het tweede meest voorkomende spoorelement in het lichaam.
  • Zink is een cofactor bij vele biologische processen, waaronder DNA, RNA en eiwitsynthese.
  • Zink suppletie wordt gebruikt voor behandeling en preventie van een zinktekort.
  • Zink speelt een belangrijke rol in het immuunsysteem, wondgenezing, de reproductie, groei en ontwikkeling, het gedrag en het leren, de smaak en geur, de schildklier en insuline.
  • Zink kan worden ingezet bij o.a. burn-out, ziekte van Lyme, acné, aften, psoriasis, eczeem, maagzweren, verkoudheid, en als aanvulling tijdens de zwangerschap.
In het kort

Wat is zink?

Zink is een biologisch en essentieel sporenelement en is het tweede meest voorkomende spoorelement in het lichaam. Ons lichaam bevat ongeveer 2 gram in totaal1. Het is een cofactor bij vele biologische processen, waaronder DNA, RNA en eiwitsynthese. Ongeveer 30% van de cellulaire zink zit binnen de kern. Een groot aantal eiwitten die een rol spelen in de genexpressie behoren zink te bevatten2.

Wat is zink?

Gebruik

Zink suppletie wordt gebruikt voor behandeling en preventie van een zinktekort. Zink heeft veel belangrijke functies in het lichaam en bij de behandeling van bepaalde aandoeningen kan gekeken worden of er sprake is van zinkdeficiëntie. Zink vermindert de duur en ernst van acute diarree bij ondervoede kinderen, maar niet bij goed gevoede kinderen218,219. Bij de Ziekte van Wilson verbetert zink de symptomen van deze aandoening. Zink blokkeert namelijk de koperabsorptie en verhoogt de kopereliminatie in de ontlasting van mensen met de Ziekte van Wilson220,221,222. Zink lijkt mogelijk effectief bij acné, acrodermatitis enteropathica, leeftijdsgerelateerde maculadegeneratie, verkoudheid, depressie in combinatie met antidepressiva, suikerziekte, luieruitslag, tandvleesontsteking, slechte adem, koortsblaasjes, verminder smaakvermogen, leishmania-laesies, lepra, maagzweren, longontsteking, decubitus, sikkelcelziekte en wratten.

Gebruik

Veiligheid

Dagelijkse inname van zink met niet meer dan 40 mg per dag is volkomen veilig4. Bij een hogere dosis is er enige bezorgdheid dat het koperniveau gaat dalen. Er is bewijs dat inname van 80 mg zink met 2 mg koper gedurende 6 jaar veilig te gebruiken is10,125.

Over het algemeen wordt zink goed verdragen. In sommige gevallen kan zink echter misselijkheid en overgeven veroorzaken, met name wanneer het supplement op nuchtere maag wordt ingenomen. Andere symptomen bij overdosis zijn griepachtige verschijnselen aan het centrale zenuwstelsel, symptomen inclusief koorts, verkoudheid, vermoeidheid, neuropathie en verhoogd cholesterol121,123. Terwijl een dagelijkse dosis van 80 mg elementair zink in combinatie met 2 mg koper gedurende 5 jaar geen verschil maakte in de bloedwaarde cholesterol en hematocriet125.

Neusspray met zink (zicam) is niet voldoende veilig gebleken, een permanent geurverlies kan het gevolg zijn206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214. Hoge doseringen zink van 450 mg of meer kunnen neuropathieën veroorzaken, koperdeficiënties, en bloedarmoede4,214,215.

Bij een referentie inname (zie dosering) is het innemen van zink veilig ook bij zwangere vrouwen4. Bij een overdosis kan zink waterige diarree veroorzaken en nephritis3, 120. Inslikken van 10-30 gram zinksulfaat kan dodelijk zijn bij volwassenen223.

Veiligheid

Interacties

Bij gebruik van de antibiotica tetracycline, quinolon124,127 en penicillamine128,129 verlaagt zinksuppletie de hoeveelheid tetracycline met ongeveer 30% die in het bloed wordt opgenomen126. Zowel de genoemde antibiotica als zinkniveaus verlagen als ze beide tegelijk worden ingenomen130, 131. Zinksupplementen en deze antibiotica moeten daarom minimaal 2 uur van elkaar gescheiden worden ingenomen.

Het diureticum Amiloride kan zinkuitscheiding verminderen en heeft zink-sparend effect132,133,134,135. Vooral thiazidediuretica kunnen juist de zinkexcretie met 60% verhogen. Andere diuretica die kalium-sparend zijn zoals spironolactone en triamterene hebben niet het zink-sparend effect.

Door het slikken van de anticonceptiepil kan er vaak verhoogde koperspiegels en een verhoogde behoefte aan zink ontstaan, maar het bewijs ervan is nog dun136,137,138,139,140. Ook een aantal andere medicijnen (bijvoorbeeld thiazidediuretica, corticosteroïden, steroïdehormonen, tetracyclines, furosemide, colchicine) hebben een negatief effect op de zinkstatus. Langdurig gebruik van deze medicatie maakt het monitoren van de zinkstatus noodzakelijk. Roken, ijzer en calcium remmen de zinkabsorptie terwijl het nemen van eiwitten de zinkabsorptie verhoogt.

Kruiden en supplementen

Calcium supplementen kunnen zink absorptie hinderen144, maar meestal niet met een groot effect op de zinkstatus4,145,146.

Chroom en zink kunnen beter niet samen worden ingenomen; zij hinderen elkaar in de absorptie150. Bij hoge zinksuppletie is het verstandig ook koper te suppleren119,147,148,152.

In sommige gevallen kunnen ijzer en zink met elkaar in competitie gaan voor een goede absorptie. Hoge non-heemijzer inname op een lege maag kan zink opname hinderen151,153,154,155,156,157,158. Dit geldt niet voor ijzer uit voeding159,153,155. Fytinezuur in graansoorten en oxalaten uit bepaalde groenten bindt zink waardoor er geen zink absorptie plaatsvindt. Zink methionine kent dit probleem niet.

Medicijnen die zinkniveaus aantasten

Het medicijn Captopril (Capoten), een ACE-remmer, verhoogt de uitscheiding van zink met de urine waarschijnlijk door chelatie van zink door sulfaatgroepen25,26,72,143,160. Soms gepaard gaand met smaakverlies72,142,143,160,161.

Een hoge dosis van 50 mg of meer prednison veroorzaakt een lager zinkgehalte in het bloed (162, 163, 164, 165, 166). Dit kan ook de zinkniveaus in de cellen beïnvloeden. Het is verstandig om bij deze mensen het zinkgehalte te monitoren.

Deferoxamine (Desferal) verhoogt zinkuitscheiding zeer, waardoor zinksuppletie nodig is bij het gebruik van dit medicijn167, 168, 169, 170.

Bij gebruik van Dexrazoxane (Zinecard) worden er metalen uitgescheiden via de urine waaronder zink174,175.

EDTA-zouten hebben de neiging om metalen zoals zink te cheleren. Wanneer het gebruikt wordt bij loodvergiftiging kan zink verhoogd zijn bij de urine-uitscheiding176,177,178,177,179. In sommige gevallen moet er zinksuppletie gegeven worden. Monitoren is wel het advies.

Ethambutol (Myambutol) cheleert zink en kan zink in plasma en weefsel doen verminderen181,182,184,187. Bij hoge doseringen boven 25 mg per kg is het verstandig om te monitoren en te kijken naar symptomen met betrekking tot de ogen zoals het verminderen van het zicht181,182,187,203. Verder moet er nog meer onderzoek worden gedaan naar H2-blockers, pantoprazole (protonix), phenytoin (Dilantin), propofol (diprivan), proton pump inhibitors (PPI’s). Volgens klinisch onderzoek verhogen ook deze medicijnen de zinkuitscheiding met de urine141,171,172,173,181,189. Routinesuppletie met zink is niet nodig maar monitoren op zinkverlies is wel aan te raden.

Diuretica zoals thiazide (Diuril, Esidrex, Hydrodiuril, Hygroton, Lozol, Zaroxolyn) verhoogt de zinkuitscheiding via de urine tot wel 60% (132, 133, 134, 186, 190). Soms leidt dit in enkele gevallen tot impotenties132,134,186,191. Bij langdurig gebruik van thiazide is het monitoren op symptomen van zinktekort het advies134,186,190,191.

Voeding

De inname van zink sulfaat gelijk met koffie in plaats van water vermindert de opname met 50%.197. De tannine bindt zink en zorgt voor uitscheiding. Hetzelfde geldt voor fytaten in graan zoals maïs, tarwe etc., bepaalde groenten met een hoog gehalte aan oxylaten, soja4,180,199,200. Wanneer zink gebonden is aan het aminozuur methionine kent men dit probleem niet. Deze vorm waarborgt een goede opname.

Synergie

Zink heeft stoffen nodig die als een synergie samenwerken bij verschillende metabolische functies. Zo zijn vitamine C en A goede synergisten voor een sterk immuunsysteem en werken zink, vitamine B en vanadium samen voor de glucosehuishouding. Wanner er een zinktekort is, zijn er meestal meer tekorten in het lichaam.

Interacties

Dosering

De doseringen die therapeutisch worden ingezet variëren vanaf 15 mg tot en met 60 mg elementair zink per dag. De dagelijkse referentie inname bij kleine kinderen tot 1 jaar is 2 mg per dag4, tot 3 jaar 3 mg per dag, kinderen van 4 tot 8 jaar 5 mg per dag van 9 tot 13 jaar 8 mg per dag, meisjes van 14 tot 18 jaar 9 mg per dag, jongens en mannen van 14 jaar en ouder 11 mg per dag, vrouwen van 19 jaar en ouder 8 mg per dag, zwangere vrouwen 13 mg per dag, zogende vrouwen 14 mg per dag4.

De gemiddelde inname uit voeding is bij mannen 13 mg per dag en bij vrouwen 9 mg per dag4.

Verstoringen op het calcium- en kopermetabolisme zijn bij onderhoudsdoseringen niet te verwachten. Wel bestaan er aanwijzingen voor dergelijke verstoringen wanneer doseringen van 100 mg of meer elementaire zink wordt gebruikt.

De best opneembare verbinding van zink is zinkmethionine. Deze verbinding is aanzienlijk beter opneembaar dan andere vormen van zink. De verbinding is resistent tegen de binding met fytaten, tanninen, oxalaten en vezels in het darmkanaal. Deze vorm verblijft daardoor langer in het lichaam dan andere vormen van zink. Soms kunnen hoge doseringen therapeutisch worden ingezet. Echter kunnen hoge doseringen nadelig uitwerken op de koperstatus en wordt er aangeraden zinksuppletie te geven in combinatie met koper.

Hieronder een aantal voorbeelden van zinkdoseringen zoals deze tijdens wetenschappelijk onderzoek met succes zijn toegepast. Wegens de verschillende zinkverbindingen die in onderzoeken zijn gebruikt, zijn de hoeveelheden omgerekend naar het aantal milligrammen elementaire zink.

  • Behandeling verkoudheid: 15-30 mg elementair zink per dag24,33,35.
  • Behandeling en het voorkomen van longontsteking bij ondervoede kinderen: 10-70 mg dagelijks96,116,202.
  • Behandeling van maagzweren: 3x daags 70 mg elementair zink111.
  • Behandeling spierkrampen bij cirrose: zink 3x daags 30 mg120.
  • Behandeling van acné: dagelijks 30-135 mg elementair zink45,49,52,53,54.
  • Behandeling bij maculadegeneratie (leeftijdgebonden), dagelijks 70 mg zink gecombineerd met vitamine C (500 mg), vitamine E (400iE) en bètacaroteen 15 mg10.
  • Behandeling bij osteoporose: zink combineren met koper, mangaan en calcium205.
  • Behandeling van hidradenitis: dagelijks 60 mg elementair zink
  • Behandeling sikkelcelziekte: 3x daags 220 mg46.
  • Behandeling bij kinderen met groeiachterstand door sikkelcelziekte: 10 mg zink per dag48.
  • Behandeling van ADHD bij kinderen: dagelijks 15-40 mg elementair zink, afhankelijk van het onderzoek98,184.
  • Bij hypogeusia (verminderd smaakvermogen): 25-100 mg elementair zink (afhankelijk van het onderzoek)
  • Behandeling bij acute diarree bij slecht gevoede kinderen: 10-40 mg elementair zink dagelijks90,91,92,93,94,96,97.
  • Bij anorexia: dagelijks 100 mg elementair zink188
  • Bij kinderen met groeiachterstand: 15 mg per dag204
  • Behandeling bij cirrose 3x daags 90 mg88.
Dosering
Referenties
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